Boyz in the Hood and Black Freedom Fighters

Unite is a common word the comes to mind when debating the themes of Boyz in the Hood written by John Singleton and Black Freedom Fighters in Steel by Ruth Needleman. Boyz in the Hood is a film that follows the lives of a group of young African Americans living in South Central Los Angeles, California. Each main character faces some common struggle modern day children and teens face today. Their fate relies on what they decide to do about their common struggle. In Black Freedom Fighters in Steel, you glimpse into the lives of five men connected by one aspect of their lives.They also must do something in order to survive as blue collar workers during the 20th century. Both these works have one common theme if not more, these boys and these men had to unite together in close friendship and within a union. Boyz in the Hood follows one particular group in South Central Los Angeles. Trey Styles along with his friends Ricky, Doughboy, and others all grew up in the same neighborhood living with various struggles, some in common. Trey moved to live with his dad at the age of 10, Ricky and Doughboy, half-brothers, lived across the street from him in a single parent household.Ricky was raised on the hope and spirit of his mother to be a football star. His brother Doughboy was not given the same hope and dreams from his mother. Trey was raised differently than his friends because he was being raised by a respectable male, Furious Styles. Furious helped prepare Trey for what the future may have in store for him, especially when living in the so called, â€Å"ghetto. † Although these characters were raised differently they still found strength in numbers, and stuck close together at a very young age.One example is when they are walking down the tracks and Ricky gets his football hustled from him. Doughboy tries to stick up for his brother even though he fails. They all stood together during that scene when they could have easily been killed by these older guys. Darre n, known as Doughboy, grows up deciding to become a part of a street gang, or group. Instead of avoiding the temptation of violence and the dangers of the lifestyle, he becomes sucked right into it. Although not a positive decision, in reality to some it feels like the only choice. The need for protection is essential to survive.By joining groups, people in various neighborhoods across America, find often false sanctuary and more violence. Darren kept close ties with his friends. They united when it came to protecting themselves from other various groups. One incident would be when all the teens had their cars parked up and down the street and another group walks by and knocks Ricky. When Ricky begins confrontation with the other groups, they all join in. Another incident is when Ricky is shot; although they weren't all there when it happened, Darren and his friends all felt a need to avenge Ricky's death, collectively.Trey was raised in a very strict and wise household. His mother was a well off business woman who took care of herself and her son until he reached a stage in his life where he was angry. Furious his father took Trey in and taught him specific values and self-discipline. With these values Trey made decisions opposite of a lot of his friends. He took a more optimistic route about living where he lived. He was aware of what goes on but he never involved himself in it. Trey who was close to his friends didn't completely comply with them.Ricky and Trey both had the most chances of leaving their town or living past age 25. While Darren and their other friends involved themselves in gang related activities, Trey and Ricky both avoided it. Still because they had all been friends for so long they still stuck together. When Ricky was shot and killed by another group, they all collectively went after that group. Specifically Trey joined them with this activity because he felt strongly about the issue at hand. He had lost his best friend and Darren had los t his brother.Although Trey didn't fully commit to the retaliation, he stuck by Darren’s side and comforted his friend. In Black Freedom Fighters in Steel five men are profiled explaining the struggles around working in Steel and within the union. In the beginning we hear about George Kimbley, who signed up for Steelworker's Organizing Committee as the first African-American. In order for African-Americans to face their struggles of poor working conditions, poor pay, and lack of job opportunities, they had to connect with the majority.George Kimbley knew that in order to be in the union and make somewhat of a difference, you would have to get people to trust you. What Kimbley means is that white men within the union have to become use to you and learn that their misconceptions are wrong. Many African Americans felt they did not belong within the union because they would be harassed and discriminated against just like they would on the mill floor. Kimbley was one the many that went out and persuaded black steelworkers to join the union, SWOC.He knew that in order to seek change they must become a part of something bigger. A separate committee for Blacks seemed unreasonable at the specific time. Kimbley felt that in order to meet the goals long term we must first integrate with others so they feel less threatened when requesting solutions. When struggling alongside people opposite than themselves, African-Americans felt a stronger need to cope with feelings that came along with integration and discrimination. Many residents within small African American communities in Gary, Indiana kept close ties.They all went to the same church, their kids attended same schools, and they went to the same bars and kept in touch. They had a strong sense of community amongst themselves. Many men played cards together, such as George Kimbley and Jesse Reese. These men knew the importance of joining the union in order to receive if not equal better working conditions. They n etworked, one man would sign a friend up, and then his friend would sign up someone else. Networking, educating and discussing were various ways to get the community pro-union.One specific example is how the amount of SWOC cards that came in signed by black workers stunned white SWOC participants. This proves that networking was working. Women also played a role in using their community to discuss issues such as organizing. Chain recruiting was widely used. This was used for example by an organizer. He and his wife would throw a dinner party and discuss various issues. By engaging in conversation they could relate on different complaints the other couples may have and convince them to join the union and inform others.By passing on information about the union the African-American demographic within the steel companies and union were more likely to increase. More membership in the union would allow more chances of bargaining and promotions for minorities. Another example of uniting in Black Freedom Fighters in Steel is through the smaller committees that formed within the union. Many people such as, George Kimbley, felt that this would hinder the positive movement for African-American workers within the union. Others were tired of waiting for change.They organized themselves within the union into committees such as the Eureka Club, established in 1952 by Curtis Strong, Arthur Adams, and Sylvester Palmer. (p 84) Curtis Strong worked in one of the dirtiest yet most important part of the mill. He explains that the coke plant was an essential step in steel production. If he and others shut down their department then they could shut down the whole mill. This was a very strategic plan in order to get the foreman and department heads to listen. One example is when Strong took a stand against a practice the company used when hiring new workers into the plant.If the coke plant needed a maintenance worker or apprentice, they would use Virginia Street Hiring. The company w ould send â€Å"appropriate† workers, meaning white, for the specific jobs. Many current black employees were overlooked due to this practice. When Strong requested that coke plant workers be allowed to apply for apprenticeships and was denied, a wildcat strike broke out. Soon after Coke plant workers were able to bid on apprenticeships and better jobs. This was more than what the Steelworker's Organizing Committee had done for job bidding.Instead of turning to the bigger union, they used their small collective to make a difference for specifically African-American steelworkers. Both these works demonstrate a theme that shows collectiveness. In order to be strong, certain people must ban together, which has happened in history so often when it comes to people facing common struggles. Later on in Black Freedom Fighters in Steel they discuss how things have changed, beginning in the 1980's. Many people have become too satisfied and have stopped fighting for more. I believe this can play into the themes of both the book and Boyz in the Hood.Briefly, today the world around us has everyone convinced that things can't get any better than this, but can they? When it comes to employment there is only so far we can go, but what about our communities? In the film you see a community that has been ignored. By being neglected from society, things may become worse. Young teen’s today struggle with constant violence and retaliation. Poverty is proven to cause an increase in violence. By ignoring cities and allowing children to suffer academically we are throwing them into violence. This is also discussed in the book.Gary, Indiana which has been dismantled ever since the steel industry took a backseat. Many people living within the community lost their jobs, which affected the cities revenue. Schools are in poor condition which can be true for South Central Los Angeles also. Schools have a strong influence when it comes to discipline and respect. When we allow schools to deteriorate we lose those values within the curriculum. Few, but not all African-American's have motivation to fight poverty. In time we may see this minority unionize again to better their communities in society.Boyz in the Hood and Black Freedom Fighters in Steel seemed quite opposite to one another besides the involvement of African-American characters. After reading more into the book, the theme becomes apparent and can also be applied to the film. That theme being that in order to better life people must organize and come together, whether for good or bad. Boyz in the Hood has also had a place in my heart as a great film, but now I can respect it more after putting it in a new light. As for the book, I haven't been interested in Unions, but I did enjoy the stories the five characters brought to it.

Emotions Paper Essay

Emotions are personal experiences that are hard wired into every single human being on the planet. Yet, somehow people seem to have little control over them. After studying all the different kinds of emotions people can feel, I did a three day inventory of the emotions I experienced. In this paper, I will discuss how hard or easy it is to identify emotions and the methods I used to identify my emotions. I will analyze the types of emotions I felt and whether they were primary or secondary. Were they the typical emotions I experience every day? Do I give in to any emotional fallacies? How freely I express my emotions and what I have learned from doing this exercise. During the three day inventory, I sometimes had a hard time identifying the emotion I was feeling. I often had to refer back to the list of different emotions. While I looked at the list of emotions, I tried to think about what I was feeling physiologically during that time. I examined my actions nonverbally and then cognitively I put a label on the emotion. For example, on the first day of my inventory I got woken up before eight in the morning by uncertain noises coming from my bathroom. When I opened the door to the bathroom, I found both of my kids laughing and splashing in the toilet using a toilet brush. The first emotion I realized I felt at the time was annoyance that somebody woke me up so early. I recognized that due to cognitive interpretation. The second emotion I felt after opening the door to the bathroom was anger at my kids for playing in my bathroom even though they know better. I cognitively new it was anger because nonverbally I raised my voice, physiologically my heart rate and breathing increased, and after I punished them I realized my hands were shaking. All of those signs led me to believe that I was annoyed and angr y. Within three days I experienced eleven different emotions. Five of those emotions were primary and six of the emotions were secondary. Determination, one of the secondary emotions I experienced was facilitative, because being determined made me want to try harder to finish the task I was doing. For example, when I was trying to do homework with my kids I was determined to get it done, so I kept going until it was completed. Fear and anger were two emotions I experienced that are debilitative because I had a hard time controlling my rational behavior. For example, I experienced fear because a huge dog was loose at the park. For a minute I just froze and stared at it,  not doing anything until my son saw it and started screaming. That got me to start thinking again and we left the park. The emotion of fear became debilitative for me because the dog was loose with no owner. If the dog was loose but had somebody with him my emotion of fear wouldn’t have been as intense. To my surprise the emotions I experienced in the three days were mostly intense. Out of the eleven emotions I experienced, only three were mild. For example, on day one I felt happy about taking the kids to grandpa’s house, but I wasn’t so excited that I was jumping up and down. It was a mild happiness. An example of my intense emotion is when I got angry. On day one in the evening of day one my kids would not listen when told multiple times to pick up their toys. It got to the point that I raised my voice at them and my hands started shaking. Then I had to call my husband to intervene because I needed time to calm down. The emotions I experienced during the inventory were mostly typical. However, there were a couple of emotions that I don’t experience often. One of the emotions I don’t usually experience is being exhausted. Typically, I don’t feel exhausted, especially in the afternoon. After examining why I felt that way I realized it’s because I was starting to get sick. The next day, I felt another emotion I typically don’t feel or experience often. I was trying to do homework and I felt miserable because I was nauseas and I had a fever. Typically, when I do homework I feel motivated or excited that I am almost done. That same day in the evening I felt helpless which is also out of the ordinary for me. I felt that way because I had a ton of stuff I needed to do and I couldn’t do any of it. My typical emotions during the day are happy, irritated, annoyed, proud, loved, determined, scared, and excited. Studying the subject of emotions and doing this inventory made me realize I have some fallacies I tend to fall into almost every day. The first fallacy that applies to me is â€Å"fallacy of approval.† For example, when I go somewhere with my kids or husband and I have to choose what I am going to wear. I realized that a lot of the time it takes me up to an hour to decide because I want people to approve of what I am wearing. The other fallacy that applies to me is â€Å"fallacy of causation.† For example, when my kids are playing the noise they make sometimes irritates me, because I want it to be quiet in the house. So, I say to them â€Å"you guys are irritating me,† instead  of taking responsibility and saying â€Å"I am getting irritated with the loud noise.† In my opinion I don’t express my emotions freely. No one has ever told me that I am easy to read or that my emotions show on my face. When in public I only show emotions that are appropriate. If I am angry at the person or upset with someone I tend to hide my emotion until I feel comfortable telling them. Most freely I express my emotions at home, because that’s where I feel most comfortable. The least freely where I express my emotions are out in public, because of the fallacy of approval. It matters what people think of me. Doing this exercise has taught me that there are different kinds of emotions. Primary emotions are emotions that are hard wired into human beings, and secondary emotions make up primary emotions. I learned how to analyze what emotion I am feeling. I don’t think I have ever done that consciously before. It made me really think about my reactions, what’s happening in my body, and how I am feeling. I learned the valence of emotion. One emotion that you would usually think is negative can be both positive and negative. Also, I learned the word fallacy and how it relates to emotions. Last, I learned the difference between emotion and mood which I before I thought was the same thing.

Understanding the Special Needs of Children. Building Patterns of Essay

Understanding the Special Needs of Children. Building Patterns of Kindergarten Teaching from Student Assessment - Essay Example During this time I was introduced to the Kindergarten teacher Mrs. â€Å"Adams† as well as the school Principal and other teachers on the staff. The Edge Academy is a Kindergarten through Fifth Grade (K-5) school located in Akron with approximately 98% of the students coming from African-American families. According to statistics, â€Å"The Edge Academy spends $7,064 per pupil in current expenditures. The district spends 45% on instruction, 48% on support services, 7% on other elementary and secondary expenditures.† (Education.com, 2011) In standardized test results, the school scores an average of 2/10 nationally last year. This school can be seen as having potential problems due to the challenges the children and their families manage in coming from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Some parents have removed children from classes in preference for more racially diverse and integrated schools. However, while there may be many challenges in this school it is a very good place for children’s education. The teachers at Edge Academy are attentive and caring about the students’ needs, and conduct themselves in a professional manner. The school has facilities for music, sports, science, library, and other special activities. The Edge Academy has been developed to meet the challenge of providing the best education and foundation for future personal development to students in Akron. I am happy about the time I spent there in observation, and I gained many memories in working with the children and staff. The Edge Academy represents a school that I would like to seek a career in because I believe it is possible to make a difference in children’s lives by being a good teacher in such an environment. The Edge Academy is in the Akron School District and is publicly funded through tax dollars. It participates in standardized testing and also upholds Ohio Department of Education standards of quality in education. The Edge Academy has an enrollment of approximately 158 to 268 stude nts per year. (BES, 2006; Great Schools, 2008, Education.com, 2011) The school has been rated between 3/10 - 2/10 on the Standardized Testing Scale, based on national averages of performance for similar aged students in the country. (BES, 2006; Great Schools, 2008) The school has classrooms for six classes, plus additional rooms for group activities, events, and administration. The school has only a limited outdoor play area, but is near to a local city park in Akron. Source: Council of Chief State School Officers, 2011 The Kindergarten class I was assigned to observe in had all of the students sitting at four big tables in the room. There are three windows in the room to allow for natural sunlight and fresh air. There is a large chalkboard at the front of the room which the teacher uses for instruction. The classroom has a teacher’s desk in the corner that is used to prepare lessons and keep class materials organized. There is also a large rug that students can move to for p lay or other activities related to instruction. There is a restroom facility attached directly to the class for the students to access. The

Willa Cather Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Willa Cather - Research Paper Example This isolation deprives him the sound of his violin, understanding of his son and keeps him away from his homeland. This deprivation makes Peter feel that suicide is the only solution to his desperation (Willa Cather 11). In Cather’s story, Peter was an immigrant from Bohemia who had settled with his wife and son Anton in Nebraska. Peter was one time a second violist in a Prague theatre, which makes him unable to forget the good days he had at the theatre. He recalled how he used to wear a coat every evening and always had enough alcohol to drink. Later, while still working as a violinist, his bowing arm became partially disabled due to stroke paralysis. This made him quit his job and migrated to America. Peter had a strong believe that he would find a better world to stay. In America, he shared with other European emigrants, and it reached a time when he realized that the barren plains of Nebraska had a different story to tell. In America, he became feckless and was unable to support his own living because of rejecting hard labor. He also became separated from his son (Willa Cather 12). His son Anton represented the second generation of American immigrants. He regarded America as home place, but his father, Peter regarded it as hostile land. Peter’s son was forced to work by material success and forced his father to sell his violin. On the other hand, the story portrayed Peter as a more romantic person, which made him unsuitable to the actuality of the silent plains where there were no great emotions. To Peter, the violin helped remember his life in Bohemian by recalling on the feelings and memories he had while performing on stage. Despite the fact that Peter could not play the violin anymore, he still reflected on the touch he once experienced and the beauty of playing the violin. Peter’s hunger for playing the violin was further amplified when he listened to music, which reminded him of what he experienced daily (Willa Cather 14). While , in Nebraska, Peter’s urge for real experience changed into greed. After his final unsuccessful effort to play the violin he committed suicide. However, before he shot himself, he destroyed his violin to prevent his son Anton from selling the violin. When committing suicide Peter still believed that the world of the unattainable was still within his reach and by committing suicide he would preserve the joy he found in playing the violin. The story points out that Peter had died many times while in the Prague theatre, but his death in Nebraska was the irreversible one. However, the story provides further evidence that suggested that Peter just accepted his defeat (Willa Cather 17). Ardessa by Willa Cather The short story Ardessa by Willa Cather was published in 1918. It narrates of a woman; Ardessa, who worked for The Outcry, which was a weekly magazine. The story describes Ardessa as who was not young, and her looks were not beautiful. She is also described as a woman who ha d good manners and was insinuatingly feminine. Her employer was an immigrant from the west who had engaged in several contradictory issues before becoming the proprietor and editor of the weekly magazine. The employer came into New York and bought a highly respectable publication and made it magazine of protest that was in high demand. The

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Project Management - Essay Example In essence, a project must be temporary, has defined the scope of period, has goals, should be completed using minimum resources and should produce an intangible or physical product/service (Mir and Pinnington, P211). A construction permit or license is usually required while constructing or demolishing a garage or a shed that is larger than 200 square feet in area and higher than 10 feet. In this project, there will be no requirement for the permit since it requires approximately 30-meter square area and 8 feet high. Architectural design planning is the first step in building a garage since it involves an architectural drawing on how the garage shall appear. Drawing helps the engineer to come up with different designs and make necessary adjustments to meet the consumer preference. The architectural design provides all the necessary layout of the structure, including exact building dimensions and 3D appearance once completed. During this phase the need of the user is taken into great consideration; this is achieved by asking the consumer to state how he/she would wish the garage to be in relation to the main house. The client can provide a verbal or written description according to the preference , and if possible, the designer can visit the consumers home to assess the practicality of the customer’s specification. After the design is complete and the customer is satisfied, the next step is to perform cost evaluation to check how much it will cost in building the whole project. This stage is very imperative since the building materials must be bought for full completion of the project. The customer is advised accordingly on how to cut cost by using alternative materials. Both the construction team and the client set the period for project completion since a project must be completed within a defined period. To complete the proposed structure the following shall be required: Materials for the foundation include Sand, gravel, concrete, wire

Ethical issues business financial reporting Essay

Ethical issues business financial reporting - Essay Example In this type of manipulation when preparers of financial reports become aware of a proposal for alteration of accounting regulation which they consider will be unfavorable for them, they resort to various means to stop the change or bring a change which will serve their purpose. The intention of the regulators is to make financial reports useful to all users. The financial teams are intermediaries between the users and regulators. They have the freedom to interpret the regulation. At times they interpret the regulations in a manner that may suit their own views. This cannot be considered justifiable to the users. Clear and well designed financial reports shows that the preparers of the reports have abided by the law and followed the regulations. Often the accounting regulations are poorly formulated or not enforced properly. These loopholes lead to manipulations (Gowthorpe & Amat, n.d.). At times entries in accounts have certain degree of estimation or prediction, the estimate might be too optimistic leading to errors. Even if an outside expert is consulted the valuation can be manipulated through the manner in which he has been briefed by the accountant or his personal nature (i.e., optimistic or pessimistic). Balance sheet may be manipulated by entering artificial transactions. This is done by entering into other related transaction with a third party. For example, an asset is sold to a bank and then leased back for the rest of the life. The sale price in this arrangement is set at a price above or below the current asset value. The difference is adjusted by increased or reduced rentals. Genuine transactions are also timed to provide a favorable impression. The scope for choosing between various accounting methods should be reduced. There should be consistency in the method that the company is adopting with the intention that he may not switch over to another accounting method in another year to suit his purpose. Companies

Area studies 3rd draft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Area studies 3rd draft - Research Paper Example There is no definite response the question of the reasons due to which this civilization came to an end. But there are various studies associated with this question and these theories may simply be myths or true facts. Various historians have tried to identify the reasons that caused the seizure of the Indus Valley civilization and they have provided various speculative stories in relation to the incident. The end of the civilization started taking place around the period of 1800 BC and the society completely eroded away by the period of 1700 BC (Kenoyer 160). The two main reasons that are said to have caused the decline include natural reasons such as climatic changes and manmade reasons such as the wars that might have taken place at that time. According to historians three separate instances of natural disasters including intense funds is one of the reasons of the end of the Indus Valley civilization. Evidence provided by the historians is the huge deposits of silty clay along with huge piles of buildings that had been destroyed (Wheeler 11). The materials from these destroyed buildings contained clay which depicts that the city of Mohenjodaro had experienced floods. Other historians even belie ve that floods were not only the reason for destruction; they believe that the region of Mohenjodaro may have even experienced tectonic uplift. The historians are of the idea that earthquakes might have occurred and due to this the floods in the lower region of the river of Indus might have been raised (Wheeler 11). The increase in the floods caused due to earthquakes is credited to the long existence of the city of Mohenjodaro. The historians even argue that the regions such as the Makran region housed a sea port for the civilization and due to the floods in those regions resulted in the end of the commercial trade of the civilization. The last theory

Business research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business research paper - Essay Example As part of the inquisition the research will make use of timestamps such as Weblog and news articles to feed as input materials to generate results that will be presented graphical. The graphical details will highlight major sentiments like anxiety, despair and disappointment. In addition, the development that comes with each of sentiments will be presented to illustrate for instance how the earthquake news was received and the corresponding reactions that followed afterwards. Essentially, the main motivation for using this method is for convenience since the participant dependent and independent variables are within meaningful reach. There are a good number of published as well as unpublished literature on the subject of sentiment analysis in both the academic and policy circles. Incidentally, in this review the most astounding works that have significant bearings on the subject matter will be reviewed. To begin with, it is undoubtedly prudent to establish the internal dynamics of sentimentalism. The paper benefits from the earlier work of pioneers who discovered the so-called semantic orientation of examination of a statement or a written material (Turney, 2002). Also according to Pang et la (2002), a sentence can be assessed to identify the positive and negative elements contained in it. Unlike the above mentioned works, this work will be influenced by the system of multi-polar analysis in order to draw the clear distinction between this and other previous papers. In a related context, researchers Mishne and de Rijke (2006) have advocated for a system that can evaluate momentary changes in the moods of people, it is what they term "Moodviews." Fundamentally, the analysis is carried out with the aid of over one hundred sentiments. A good number of scholarly works have been carried out on the question of "topic detection and tracking" with each of these groups making their own proposals depending on what is deemed fit for each circumstances. Interestingly, there is a gross limitation of work that fully addresses the utilization of sentiments under the "topic detection and tracking" column and this is precisely what this paper will be addressing. The process will also incorporate what Havre et al (2002), called information visualization. Research Results At the end of the research the following outcomes represented below are expected to be generated. A graph will be plotted to highlight the sentiments generated especially in the wake of the turbulent earthquake that occurred a little while before the official opening of the 2008 International Olympic Games hosted in Beijing, China. The X-axis of the graph will capture the dates where as the resultant sentiments will be presented on the Y-axis. The main sentiments expressed here are shock, anxiety and despair. Conclusion The research will deal with analyzing momentary trends in sentiments generated from the pre-Olympics euphoria as well as the aftermath. Qualitative and quantitative

The Effects of Promotion Mix on Customer Brand Awareness toward Lebara Dissertation

The Effects of Promotion Mix on Customer Brand Awareness toward Lebara Mobile - Dissertation Example In the beginning of 2010, Lebara Mobile had almost 2.5 million customers throughout their business areas. Through proper marketing strategies, Lebara has become one of the global players of mobile service industry (Lebara, 2011). Aim and Objective The aim and objective of this research is to find the impact of promotion mix on customer’s brand awareness. In other words, the ways a promotion mix such as sales promotion, public relation, advertising and personal selling attract a customer towards a brand are the basic aims of the paper. The objectives of this research are to study the impact of sales promotion, public relation and advertising on brand awareness and preference. The company chosen for this research is Lebara Mobile, a ‘low cost and high quality’ mobile service operator, which runs their business internationally. By conducting this research, the researcher can find the impact of Promotion Mix on Customer Brand Awareness towards Lebara Mobile by resolvi ng certain questions. Research Questions Q1. ... A customer must be aware of the brand first if he intends to buy any product of the brand. Buying intention cannot be made without brand awareness. Brand awareness can build a bundle of connection about any brand in the memory of consumer. In a situation when a customer is aware of several brands that can fit his need criteria, then it is unlikely that a customer will seek further information of any unknown brand. A brand which has good awareness will be considered and therefore would be preferred by most customers than unknown brand (Rossiter & Percy, 1987). It has been found that brand awareness can increase the possibility of choosing any brand without any complementary change in attitude or opinion of customer. Higher the awareness of brand, higher will be the purchase intention of that brand in consumer’s mind and thus it can increase the sales of that brand (Sharp & Macdonald, 2003). Brand Awareness Brand awareness, familiarity and selection of brand are interrelated to each other. This connection primarily reveals the fact that a plethora of option increases brand awareness. The brand awareness plays a vital role in the selection of product. Even if a customer possesses adequate amount of knowledge about a great number of brands for a particular product or service, he may consider only few of those brands while purchasing for any particular purpose. There are several factors for choosing a particular brand. The brand knowledge helps customer to make immediate and easier perceptual recognition of a brand and facilitate purchasing. Brand familiarity develops encouraging and affective response about any brand. This affect can provide as an input to selection of brand. If a customer is familiar about any brand it can mediate

DETAILS OF ASSIGNMENTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

DETAILS OF ASSIGNMENTS - Essay Example Combined with unprofessional clinicians that provided support, I found a new lease on dying and the processes involved that have far-reaching consequences on family and the victim. Most children do not think of death and dying nor contemplate its somewhat grotesque cultural symbolism, instead they are too busy considering peer relationships or the receipt of their next reward for good behaviour. Perceptions of death at the childhood level are usually ambiguous sensations that occur when exposed to different death scenarios, such as the loss of a distanced great-grandmother. It is not until adulthood arrives that the individual begins to think about death, reinforced by different retirement packages offered by companies or other cultural symbols, and wonders about the realities of death as an unstoppable outcome to living. I have always had a form of thanaphobia, which is fear of dying or death, and of the dead (Aiken, 2000). It is likely a product of different media images, such as Michael Jackson’s â€Å"Thriller† which depicts the gruesome, mangled aspects of death that come from decomposition. Perhaps it was built as a combination of different stimuli related to death, such as news reports that highlight the crushed automobile that reinforce our absolute frailty as human beings. Until Aunt Linda was diagnosed with cancer, I had been able to calm my mild thanaphobia and just accept that it would be an eventual part of my life cycle that should be accepted, but rarely reflected upon. It was her response to having terminal cancer and the emotional phases that this once-vibrant woman went through that forever changed my view of dying and transformed mild thanaphobia into a full-blown case of it. When an individual is told they have a terminal illness, they often reach a stage in coping referred to as anger, where the individual looks for someone to fault for their problem, such as the doctor, God, or anyone they

Violent television in agressiveness in children Essay Example for Free

Violent television in agressiveness in children Essay As a quick glimpse at the recent events that grace the newspaper’s headlines show, there is indeed a growing concern over the violence that manifests in schools all over the country. It encompasses a whole range of issues such as bullying and perhaps the most frightening, school shootings. With all of these problems plaguing not only the education system but also the entire nation as of late, the question that comes up is whether or not this is actually caused by the violent television shows and movies in the cable TV programming. While there has been no irrefutable data that lends credence to the theory that violent shows in television is the real culprit behind today’s misguided and often violent children, there can also be no argument against the statement that though violence on television may not be the sole cause, it is one of the contributory causes. There are a number of media effects theories that solidify the argument that it is violence in media or in television that has led to the deterioration in the moral foundation of today’s children (Gauntlett 1998). A good example of this would be the â€Å"Hypodermic Needle Model†, which is a theory that the influence of media is so powerful that it can be used to â€Å"inject† messages into the minds of the audience and control them (Gauntlett 1998). While it is not being suggested that television is being used a medium to brainwash today’s children and turn them into an army of zombies for the media, it is being proposed, however, that the programming and quality of shows on television, such as violent programs, has a profound effect upon the youth. The influence, therefore, that television has upon children is inevitable. While this influence may have waned in the advent of the internet age and YouTube, it still bears a considerably large amount of influence over the younger children who are not able to access such media devices (Fisher et al 2004). Therein lays the danger; young children with impressionable minds are exposed to violence on television leading to a deterioration in the moral and ethical foundations of today’s generation. Another interesting theory to correlate the cause, violence in television, with the effect, violent behavior of children, is the postmodernist thought on the approaches to the Media Effects Theory (Gauntlett 1998). The main ideas of this theory rely on the fact that the ideas and perceptions of individuals has already been preconditioned by media in a sense that whatever input or meaning that is derived from media is already placed in a predefined context (Fisher et al 2004). This school of thought therefore suggests that in analyzing the behavior and effects the fact that media has already preconditioned the minds of the individuals and influenced the reception. As such, given the volatile nature of the mind of a child, the input that a child receives from violent programming on the television creates a preconceived notion of what the real world is like. By showing violence on television, a child may think and perceive that such behavior is actually socially acceptable (Fisher et al 2004). Studies have shown that there have been causal links found between aggressive and violent behavior in children and the type of television programs that these children generally watch. Every day the world searches for answers for many of the would-be â€Å"avoidable† tragedies such as school shootings, gang wars and juvenile teen violence. The reason for the term â€Å"avoidable† stems from the fact that many consider these as effects of media influences and morally condemnable social behavior. While media and television, in particular, are not the main causes for these tragedies, it cannot be denied that they have contributed to these problems. There may not be an easy solution for this but by identifying the causes that have led to this dilemma a big step has been taken to rectify this situation and to prevent more disasters such as this from ever happening again. References: Gauntlett, D. (1998) Ten things wrong with the effects model' in Harindranath, R. , and Linne, O. , (eds) Approaches to Audiences A Reader London: Arnold. http://www. leeds. ac. uk/ics/theory/effects. htm Fisher, Deborah , Hill, Douglas , Grube, Joel , Gruber, Enil . (2004) Sex and Violence on American Television: An Analysis Across Program Genres and Network Types. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media 48:4, 529-553

Strategies to Implement Ethical Practices in India

Strategies to Implement Ethical Practices in India INTRODUCTION What is ethics? Ethics is a branch of Philosophy which addresses questions about morale; i.e about concepts morally what is good or bad ,right or wrong etc. An ethical statement can assert that some particular thing or action is right or may be wrong. Ethics can bring about the difference between good and bad characters or dispositions. It may propound few principles which help in more detailed judgments of these sorts, might be inferred for example that we ought always aim at the general happiness or try to minimize the total suffering of all sentient beings. That it is correct for everyone to look after themselves. Every such statement expresses ethical judgments of different degrees of generality. [J L Mackie 1977] Business ethics Business ethics is that which examines ethical principles, morala or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics,nd) Origin of Ethics: The systematic study of what is morally right or wrong can determine that ethics might have originated when humans started to lead the best way of life. This reflective stage emerged once morality creeped into the human society, usually in the form of customary standards of right and wrong conduct. Such customs lead this process of reflection, even if it found them waiting. Ethics also began to come into the picture with the invent of moral codes. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194023/ethics] The history of Business ethics can vary depending on the situation or the object under discussion. The history also depends a lot on the historian, the way he or she conceives the subject, what facts he or she seeks to discover or has at hand, and the relative importance the historian gives to those facts. The term business ethics is used in a lot of different ways. In this broad sense the application of everyday moral or ethical norms to business can be considered as Business ethics. ( De George, nd), Many business persons are strongly influenced by their religious beliefs and the ethical norms that they have been taught as part of their religion, and apply these norms in their business activities. Business ethics focuses on the moral or ethical actions of individuals. Many people discussing business ethics, immediately resort to examples of immoral or unethical activity by individuals or by an organization. It also includes the criticism of multinational corporations which make use of child labor or pay very low wages to employees in less developed countries or who utilize suppliers that run sweat shops. Chandra and Pai (2009) explain that for every individual there are certain factors that affect the way an individual take decisions. They feel that power, centralization of workflow, substitutability of activities, uncertainty of inputs and routinization are the various factors are responsible for controlling the ethical contingencies of any individual. A general framework was being produced by Flanagan (2009) regarding the ethical decision making process. He believes that the characteristics of the decision maker which includes motivation, locus of control, ego strength, knowledge, experience, risk taking abilities, Machiavellianism, etc. and the significant influences such as the organization, work, law, economics, professionalism, technology, family, friends or other opinion leaders are responsible for any decision outcome. These outcomes can be in the form of rewards, performance, satisfaction, feedback, promotion or learning. Aims and objectives of the Research Find out the level of ethical awareness amongst the employees in private and public sector companies. Comparison of ethical behaviour between private and public sector employees Role of management in improving ethical behaviours. To what extent the employees in the public and private sector organisation understand the intensity of corruption. How can an employee define corruption in his own terms? what are the measures taken by the management to educate the employees about the unethical behaviour? BACKGROUND The Indian industrial sector opened up in late 1990s when the various developed countries entered India through modes like FDI etc ,with the relaxation of rules and modifications made in the foreign policies along with the age of outsourcing and boom in IT and BPO sectors , lot of foreign companies outsourced their processes to the developing countries especially to India and China .private sector banks were allowed to enter into India. when the banking space in India was already overcrowded with a number of public sector banks, private sector banks, and co-operative banks. Foreign multinational banks, which were growth-constrained, were also waiting eagerly for the sector to open up further in 2009 to make a major foray into this emerging market. now there was scenario where in loans were available at a very less interest rates. The spending ability of the people increased and the spent more than what they actually earned ,by availing the easily available loans now they bought cars and pent houses which, prior to the Banking boom was just a dream for them. This at a micro level increased the corruption in the private sector banks as the executives who sanctioned the loans to these people actually amplified the income of the people on papers through fake documents who asked for loans and inturn expected a percentage of loan as kickback for themselves .this was very common at the micro level in the developing nations but as we go to the macro level there has been an absolute devastation of ethics and higher levels of corruption. There have been many a books which have been written on ethics and corruption , everyday we read in news papers articles, journals about companies and government agencies who are found guilty in scams. With respect to literature on ethics and corruption its a sea out there. Where the data from which can be inculcated here in the research is very less, as there are several life experiences which can just be an eye opener, which cannot be found in books or have references. Ethical Theories: Different ethical theories involve differing procedures, implications, and justifications. Ethical theories are based on ethical principles, they emphasize on different aspects of an ethical dilemma. They also lead to ethically correct resolution staying within the guidelines of ethical theories. Deontology In this theory emphasizing ones main duty is what is considered ethically correct. This theory illustrates that, while analyzing an ethical dilemma, people should strictly follow their obligations and duties.(Rainbow C,1996,pp372) For instance, a deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend and will follow the law. A person who follows this theory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individuals set duties. Specific people are provided with a basis for special duties and obligations in this theory. For example, an older brother may have an obligation to protect his little sister when they cross a busy road together. (http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories.htm ] Utilitarianism The utilitarian ethical theory was based on the capability of predicting the consequences of an action. To an utilitarian, the choice that is ethically correct is the option that provides the greatest benefit to the most people. (Mill S 1963)One benefit of this ethical theory is that the utilitarian can compare similar predicted solutions and use a point system to determine which choice is more beneficial for more people. This point system provides a logical and rationale argument for each decision and allows a person to use it on a case-by-case context. (Mill S 1963) There are two types of utilitarianism, act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism adheres exactly to the definition of utilitarianism as described in the above section. In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the societal constraints such as laws. Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with f airness. Rule utilitarianism benefits are that it values justice and also includes the beneficence at the same time. Most people are benefitted through the fairest and most just means in rule utilitarian. Ethical theories in private and public sector companies : Different ethical perceptions, principles and judgments developed as a result of the differences between public and private-sector organizations. (Sampford C,1998) Unified ethic is instructional and makes possible careful analysis of the proper place of public sector ethics in the context of business, higher education, health care, and law. The public administrators are well-suited to serve as moral exemplars for other professions and for all citizens. . (Sampford C,1998) The notion that public service ought to be the model for ethical conduct in the professions (rather than the other way around) is supportable and provokes new thinking about moral agency and ethics. (Preston N,2002)They provide the necessary foundation for studying public sector ethics by focusing on traditional models arising from moral philosophy. The unified ethic illuminates ethical implications of public administration. It also constructs and culminates by offering an alternative framework for studying ethics. Reay (2009) defines ethics as a set of principles concerning proper conduct. But many authors believe that the definition of ethics changes from one individual to another or from one business to another and everyone has his own definition of ethics depending upon their own set of moral conducts. It is believed that the moral code is essentially ones own sense of what is right and what is wrong, or what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. There are those who think that this moral code should be the same for everyone but it simply cannot be, because all think differently, and all have different upbringings, backgrounds, and experiences. But ethical code of conduct matters to us in every field of life in todays world. The salient features of established ethics models: deontological, teleological, intuitionism and virtue theory are combined to make public administration a moral enterprise. It is a moral enterprise because its sole purpose is to serve public values and public purposes. Moral agency is a part of the profession of public administration. In other words, public administrators must strive always to do that which is morally right. This becomes more important since public administrators are under greater public scrutiny than their private sector counterparts and are more than likely to be held accountable for the decisions they make. (Preston N,2002)Both political and administrative practice are embedded with ethical theories and so are inseparable from governance. (Anne Bois C,2000) says The prime importance of Citizens and public servants are to work towards the promotion, co-operative and meaningful relationships that involve moral examination, theoretical practice, Different Ethical de cision-making models prompted differing ethical perceptions and different judgments. Better communication between factions of varying types is created by awareness of the comparative difference in the moral reasoning of public- and private-sector personnel. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-20583851/do-public-sector-and.html]. For example, one might expect oath-bound public administrators to be more deontological than other groups that are less constrained by oath and more motivated by collective interest, such as special interest groups or business representatives. One also might expect career officials to be more oriented to duty and principle than are elected officials who must keep consequences in mind for the sake of their own re election. Or it might mean that such personnel will administer both public and private policy with greater consistency and less capriciousness and will remain impartial in circumstances where general fairness frequently is challenged. It seek s to determine whether public- and private-sector personnel differ in their dispositions to exhibit consequentiality or deontological tendencies and, if so, the ways in which those dispositions might be manifest. To understand the nature of public administration these possibilities prove to be the decisive factors. Understanding the ethical decision-making process and its moderating factors helps to incorporate ethics in private and public institutions. Ethical Leadership: Ethical leadership is characterized by having good characters, getting to know ones core values and having the courage to live them in all parts life. [http://www.businessballs.com/ethical_management_leadership.htm] Foundations for various modern concepts for work, business and organizations are provided by Ethical principles. The modern concept of ethical organizations encompasses many related issues like corporate social responsibility (CSR) or simply social responsibility, fair-trade, sustainability, social enterprise, well-being at work and life balance and many more aspects of good modern leadership. There are no clear cut definitions or rules of ethics that can define them. The 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership explains the relationship between beliefs and values and behaviors and actions. The main purpose is the advancement of the common good. The (Grace B,1999) model based on his formal leadership research and personal passions around faith and ethics. Leaders work to create an open, two-way conversation, thereby maintaining a charitable understanding of different views, values, and constituents opinions. They are open to others opinions and ideas because they know those ideas make the organization they are leading better. By having à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the right valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or being a person of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strong character,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the ethical leader can set the example for others and withstand any temptations that may occur along the way. Without denying the importance of good character and the right values, the reality of ethical leadership is far more complex and the stakes are much higher. In every field of business, the ethical behavior is very important. But in the field of business services, the role of ethics is even greater as it is directly related to humans life. But Murthy (2007) reveals that for the economic and business benefits, some businessmen are neglecting their code of ethics. Although, Nundy (2000) argues that it is only a small portion of the businessmen who do not follow the code of ethics and are bringing a disgrace to the whole community of corporates but still unethical practices are going on in different sectors in various forms. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) explains that ethics is basically a discipline that deals with what is good and bad with moral duty and obligation and these sets of moral conducts are even true for the business systems in any part of the world. They divide the ethics into two key branches of moral philosophy as descriptive and normative ethics. They further explained descriptive ethics is a branch that is concerned with describing, characterizing and studying the morality of a people, an organization, a culture or a society. It also compares and contrasts different moral codes, systems, practices, beliefs and values. Therefore, in descriptive ethics, the key focus remains on learning. But on the other hand, the normative ethics is concerned with supplying and justifying a coherent moral system of thinking and judging. This type of ethics seeks to uncover, develop and justify basic moral principles that are intended to guide behavior, actions and decisions. It is here that the business s ystem, particularly in the developing countries, go wrong at following the normative ethics and they violate the ethical code of conduct for their individual benefits. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) has explained three approaches to ethics as conventional approach (based on how normal society views ethics in todays environment), principles approach (based upon the use of ethics principles or guidelines to direct behavior, action and policies) and ethical tests approach (based on short practical questions to guide ethical decisions guiding the behavior). But seeing the business practices as a concern, the conventional approach to ethics is essentially an approach where one can compare a decision, practice or policy with prevailing norms of acceptability and say whether the practice followed is ethical or unethical. The conventional approach defines some of the sources of norms that come to bear on the individual and that might give an idea for the unethical behavior of the businessmen around the world today. The various sources that may influence a businessman to follow up an unethical practice may include family, friends, law, religious beliefs, society, employer, profession, culture and fellow workers. Each of these attributes contributes in one or the other way to force the business Enterprises to follow the unethical practices for their individual benefits either business or economic. One of possible example for motivating a professionals to follow unethical practices can be an urge to earn more money to satisfy the needs of the family members. This urge of getting more money leads him to follow unethical practices to earn quick money. But there exists a reason for the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises because whenever he or she makes a decision about what is being ethical (right, just, fair), the conventional approach comes into picture. The decision being taken consists of three elements where in the first step, the observation is of the decision, action and the existing practice in the workplace. After that the practice is compared with the prevailing norms of acceptability and then the recognition of the value judgments with the prevailing norms of acceptability. This means for the same set of actions, the two persons have different ways of looking it as they have different et of prevailing norms of acceptability The diagram for ethical decision making gives a wider view for an individual decision regarding ethics. The diagrams depicts the business Enterprises following the unethical practices can be put in the area . This is an area where the corporates get a profit following the unethical practices but they need to be very cautious while doing the unethical work. The various business enterprises in the developing countries are ready to take such a risk because of the inefficient legal system in these countries. They take benefit of the existing lenient laws in these countries and follow the unethical practices to make quick money. The business enterprises usually follow the principle of Smiths Market Ethic which says that take selfish actions and be motivated by personal gains in business dealings. But as the reason of their actions for unethical behavior, they follow the Bentham/Mills Utilization Ethic Principle which asks an individual to determine whether the harm in an action is outweighed by the good. So, these parctioners have numerous reasons which can outweigh the unethical action by a good cause. Weaver (2009) reveals that a recent survey conducted by the American Management Association and the Human Resource Institute identified the top three factors that would cause people to break the ethical standards. The factors included the pressure to meet unrealistic objectives or deadlines, career advancement and protecting their livelihood. In case of the business Enterprises the later two reasons play a very important role for encouraging following the unethical practices. For establishing their practice in a very short span of time and for increasing the volumes of clients coming to visit them, these business Feiglstok (2009) supports the ethics in an organization by revealing that the benefits of being ethical greatly outweigh being non-ethical in business. There are plenty of reasons why being honest and truthful is the better decision to make. This includes the honesty towards work and various humanitarian reasons. He also believes that working for an organization in an ethica l manner or working as individual for the profession in an ethical manner gives self satisfaction to an individual which cannot be obtained even if one earns good money by following the unethical practices. Unethical Practices in Industry Decades back, business was considered as a good profession and almost all corporates were not money minded people. But the time has changed and all wants to be established in their life very quickly and for that they will choose the short cut. (Theyyunni, 2008). So, young and inexperienced business Enterprises have started following the path of short cut by taking the unethical path which is beneficial in terms of business as well as economics. Although Watts (2008) criticizes the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises by quoting Not All Money is Good Money but still it depends upon business Enterprises to take their own ethical decisions. In many of the developing countries, the staff employed in the public sector may also practice privately, either on their own account or working for owners of private facilities. This may be legal or may not be strictly legal or controlled. Public offices may operate their own private offices and manage the income from them, or may allow work for private gain on their premises, as when corporates admit private clients and are paid directly by them. (Mills, Bennett, McPake, 1997) This overlapping of the private and public sectors gives birth to the existence of certain unethical practices for the personal benefits by certain individuals. Garretts principle of proportionality supports the view of the business Enterprises in developing countries around the world by saying these Enterprises have a proportional reason for the unethical practices which are very much needed along with the ethical practices that are followed. It believes one such proportionate reason is the low wage to business sector. Smith (1999) says that with reference to NHS in UK, the professional bodies and the government departments have a very little to say on these unethical practices. Nundy (2000) believes that to see how the public can be safeguarded from an inefficient and often corrupt business system and receive comprehensive health care of a reasonable quality is paramount. Unethical Practices in India India has been ranked a lowly 74, two steps down since last year, among 180 countries of the world on the worldwide Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), prepared by independent international agency Transparency International. However, corruption is much higher in Pakistan which occupies 140th place, a little below Iran, Libya and Nepal which are ranked 133, 134 and 135 respectively. Meanwhile, China which was ranked a joint 72 with India in 2007, slided a step down to occupy a place above its neighbour this year. Among other Asian countries, Russia is placed still lower on 145, while Sri Lanka occupies the 96th position and Maldives is ranked 90. ((http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Corruption-index-India-ranked-74/327777/ With the fast development of various sectors in India, the unethical practices are also increasing in the business sector in India. Sharma (2004) has clearly stated that there in an urgent need to overhaul and strengthen the public sector in India. Apart from quacks and outright fakes, even qualified business practitioners know that they can get away with malpractice because clients do not know their rights. With the exponential growth of the private sector, there is an urgent need for regulation to protect users. (Sharma, 2004) Dev and Rao (2009) support the allegations of Sharma by quoting that the recent expansion of the private sector and the increased investment in the field of the curative services and the various sophisticated business equipments have increased the corruption in the private practices in the business sector in India. They explain that the payment to touts who get the clients for offices and to the corporates who refer clients has become a common practice in India Colclough (1997) explains commission to corporates who prescribe expensive investigations and procedures which are often unnecessary as another form of unethical practice and corruption in business sector in India. Dev and Rao (2009) criticize the unethical Indian corporates in the private sector putting them responsible for kickbacks, overbilling and expensive procedures. Phadke (2009) reveals though the client knows about the malpractice but he is afraid to bargain or to show lack of trust because of the fear that this might adversely affect the persons attitude towards the client and in turn, may affect the quality of the service provided. The picture of the business sector gets more clear while having a look at the PEST Analysis done by Holtz (2008) who alleges the lower annual per capita ($ 20) spending of the Indian government on of the public sector i.e the healthcare and the under-developed private health insurance in India which spends only 1% of the total spending on healthcare as major political reasons for the unethical practices in India Sharma (2004) critically argues the claims made by the other authors and says that majority of the population in the various developing countries is uneducated about the governmental structure of business sector and moreover, the inaccessibility of the services in a rural area with densely populated areas can be treated as primary reasons for the increased importance of the business Enterprises which further leads to following up of unethical practices by few individuals. Holtz (2008) shares a different view and feels that low wages to employees and staff in government services are the primary reasons responsible for the existence of the unethical practices in the business sector. Cygnus Business Consulting Research Pvt. Ltd. (2008) criticizes the governments for having access to less high-tech equipments with them as compared to private organizations. One of the other important factors responsible for the unethical practice is due to lack of job satisfaction as claimed by Wells (20 07). Hertzberg (1959) has formulated a two-factor theory, which proposes motivators and hygienes as the two factors responsible for job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The presence of motivators in the workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees but their absence did not lead to dissatisfaction. Wells (2007) establishes that the factors that are included as the Motivators are responsibility, recognition, promotion, achievement and intrinsic aspects of job while the factors the form the Hygienes are supervision, salary, work environment, company policies and the relationship with colleagues. The lack of the government motivation to the corporates and the parabusiness staff in the business sector can be considered as one of the most important factors for the use of unethical factors in treatment of clients in India. (Dev Rao, 2009) . To what extent the business Enterprises are following unethical practices and what are reasons for their unethical behavior is still the subject of research. So, this dissertation will try to find the answer of these questions. Moreover, in the existing research, it is still unclear whether which particular specialty is more unethical and demands for maximum commission. This dissertation will also try to establish such a relationship which can explain about the extent of commission practice existing in the business sector. Corruption The most disquieting aspect of the widespread corruption in India is the fact that it is not anymore confined to politicians or the government machinery alone. It is prevalent amongst almost every section of the society at every level.( N.S. Venkataraman, 2002). the fact is that most of the Indians are involved in corrupt practices in one way or the other, either due to greed or due to so called compulsion. In any case, the willingness to sacrifice for the sake of not getting involved in corrupt dealings is conspicuous by its absence amongst the most. Indian IT majors Satyam and Wipro , who were barred from World Bank projects for offering their stock to Bank officials, represent a miniscule problem compared to the kickbacks and commissions that go to government officials for approval of Bank projects. (Steve Berkman, 2009). Emergence of political elite who believe in interest-oriented rather than nation-oriented programmes and policies. Artificial scarcity created by the people with malevolent intentions wrecks the fabric of the economy. ( KOHLI, SURESH, 1975) say that Corruption is caused as well as increased because of the change in the value system and ethical qualities of men who administer. The old ideals of morality, service and honesty are regarded as an achronistic. Tolerance of people towards corruption, complete lack of intense public outcry against corruption and the absence of strong public forum to oppose corruption allow corruption to reign over people. (John B, 1966) say that Vast size of population coupled with wi despread illiteracy and the poor economic infrastructure lead to endemic corruption in public life. In a highly inflationary economy, low salaries of government officials compel them to resort to the road of corruption. Graduates from IIMs with no experience draw a far handsome salary than what government secretaries draw. Measures to combat corruption ( John B, 1966) suggests that Foolproof laws should be made so that there is no room for discretion for politicians and bureaucrats. The role of the politician should be minimized. Application of the evolved policies should be left in the hands of independent commission or authority in each area of public interest. Decision of the commission or authority should be challengeable only in the courts. Cooperation of the people has to be obtained for successfully containing corruption. ( KIMBERLY ANNED, 1997) People should have a right to recall the elected representatives if they see them becoming indifferent to the electorate. Funding of elections is at the core of political corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. (SUSAN, 1999)Several reforms like: State funding of election expenses for candidates; strict enforcement of statutory requirements like holding in-party elections, making political parties get their accounts audited regularly and filing income-tax returns; denying persons with criminal records a chance to contest elections, should be brought in.Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. (BRIAN E,1995) points at Bureaucracy, the backbone of good governance, should be made more citizen friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent. More and more courts should be opened for speedy inexpensive justice so that cases linger in courts for years and justice is delivered on time. (HEATHER ,2003) Local bodie s, Independent of the government, like Lokpals, Lokadalats, CVCs and Vigilance Commissions should be formed to provide speedy justice with low expenses. (MARIANNE M ,2003) shows us A new Fundamental Right viz. Right to Information should be introduced, which will empower the citizens to ask for the information they want. Barring some confidential information, which concerns national and international security, other information should be made available to general public as and when required. Stringent actions against corrupt officials will certainly have a deterrent impact. Scams and Scandals A typical case of Aes corporation ,shell ,e

Effect of Bring your own Device (BYOD) on Cybersecurity

Effect of Bring your own Device (BYOD) on Cybersecurity Effect of Bring your own Device (BYOD) on Cybersecurity at workplace Introduction Several new trends in information access are impacting organizations ability to control and secure sensitive corporate data. The increase in web applications, cloud computing and Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings, and the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) phenomenon, means that employees, business partners and customers are increasingly accessing information using a web browser on a device not owned or managed by the organization (Morrow, 2012). Bring your own device (BYOD) is process whereby when individual/ employees can use personal devices for business purposes (Privacy Right, 2013). And the D in BYOD includes more than just smartphones. It also includes employees logging into web applications such as Outlook Web Access and SharePoint, SaaS applications such as CRM systems or healthcare billing applications hosted in cloud services, from home desktop or laptop computers (Morrow, 2012). The concept of bring your own device (BYOD) is a growing trend for business IT. There are a var iety of benefits to allowing users to supply their own PCs and mobile devices, but there are also some concerns (Bradley, 2011). Several studies have also shown that BOYD is one the three biggest cybersecurity threat of 2014 (Singh, 2012). In addition, it is suggested that BYOD, or bring your own device, can no longer be thought of as a fad; it is quickly becoming the new reality. In addition, as this trend grows, all businesses are potentially at risk which can stem from both internal and external threats, including mismanagement of the device itself, external manipulation of software vulnerabilities and the deployment of poorly tested, unreliable business applications (Singh, 2012). In this study, the effect of Bring your own Device (BYOD) on Cybersecurity at workplace will be investigated. Hypothesis It might be concluded that due to using of unauthorized devices such as personal electronic device also known as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) at workplaces causes intrusion into the company network, thereby causing data loss, stolen intellectual property to mention but few. Arriving at this hypothesis: It was not an easy task, however, following the provided information made it easier. Coming up with the hypothesis, I had to brainstorm and do enough research to come up with a schematic sketch of the variables (independent and dependent) involved in this issue. To ensure the hypothesis is an empirical statement, general phenomenon, plausible, specific, consistent and testable. In this hypothesis, the identified independent variable is the personal electronic device (BYOD) while the dependable variable is the network intrusion, thereby causing data loss, stolen intellectual property. Figure 1: Schematic sketch of identified variables Independent Variable Dependent Variable Use of Personal Electronic Device à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Network intrusion Figure 1: showing the dependable and independent variables of the hypothesis Findings Studies have shown that one of the biggest challenges for organizations when employees use their own device organizations is that corporate data is being delivered to devices that are not managed by the IT department (Morrow, 2012). This has security implications for data leakage, data theft and regulatory compliance (Morrow, 2012).in addition, the use of unmanaged devices such as BYOD causes enterprises to have less control and visibility, and fewer mitigation options than they do with managed devices (Morrow, 2012). In addition, Laptops, smartphones and tablets that connect to corporate networks significantly increase threats to sensitive data (Morrow, 2012). . Organizations should be concerned about the security state of endpoint devices and the risks to which they are exposed. Key loggers, malware and cyber-attacks have greatly increased the potential for unauthorized access to, and information theft from, endpoints. Potential unintended consequences such as data leakage and mal ware reinforce the need to enhance the security of corporate data. A malicious employee can easily steal company trade secrets, intellectual property or sensitive customer information by saving it locally or to a cloud service, sending it through accounts in Dropbox and you send it or emailing it via a personal webmail account. Organizations must control the data after its delivered to the device to prevent accidental or intentional loss by careless or malicious end users. Studies have also shown that to assess the risks of BYOD computing, everything from data contamination to user habits to the activities of criminal syndicates needs to be considered (Romer, 2014). Some of the security risks to be considered includes: Security as an afterthought: Shows that most mobile devices either lack advanced security features or have them disabled by default. Even basic features such as screen locks are turned off, and most users leave them that way (Romer, 2014). Data contamination: Shows the photos and other content share storage space along with confidential business data. This combining of data introduces new risks to the enterprise. Through carelessly configured back-ups or file copies, personal content might accidentally end up on corporate file servers. Worse, personal files that contain malware might spread to business files and from the mobile device to internal file servers and other enterprise assets (Romer, 2014). New Forms off malware: Shows that New forms of malware targeting mobile devices are on the rise. IBM predicts that mobile malware will grow 15% annually for the next few years (Romer, 2014). Hackers and criminal syndicates realize that most mobile devices are less secure than more traditional devices such as laptops (Romer, 2014). They have begun targeting mobile devices for attacks ranging from mischievous pranks to advanced persistent threats that stealthily copy internal data over many months, transmitting it to remote control centers around the world (Romer, 2014). Phishing attacks that slip past network defenses Shows that many employees routinely catch up on email and work during evenings and weekends, and when they do, they typically use smartphones or tablets (Romer, 2014). Realizing that most of these devices lack AV software and that most email and web traffic accessed remotely bypasses inspection by firewalls and gateways, attackers are now designing phishing attacks and other email exploits to be triggered during non-business hours (Romer, 2014). Lost Devices: Shows that on average, a cellphone is lost in the US every 3.5 seconds.1 Even if a lost smartphone or tablet does not contain confidential data, it still might include apps or cached credentials that make it easier for criminals to infiltrate an enterprise network (Romer, 2014). As workers begin carrying more devices, the likelihood of them losing devices only increases (Romer, 2014). Risky file sharing: shows that to ensure all their devices have the files they need, employees often try out one or more file-sharing services, including free but risky file-sharing apps that run on public clouds (Romer, 2014). Unfortunately, these services, though popular, are usually not secure enough to be trusted with enterprise data (Romer, 2014). Conclusions with recommendations Overall, this study shows that organizations should be concerned about the security state of endpoint devices and the risks to which they are exposed. In addition, key loggers, malware and cyber-attacks have greatly increased the potential for unauthorized access to, and information theft from, endpoints. Potential unintended consequences such as data leakage and malware reinforce the need to enhance the security of corporate data. In addition, to protect valuable information such as intellectual property, organizations need to make data security a top priority. To counter these sophisticated threats, organizations should employ a layered security strategy that provides necessary access to corporate information while minimizing risk and maintaining compliance (Privacy Right, 2013). When it comes to sensitive information, the focus must go beyond authorized and unauthorized users and extend data protection from storage through transport to delivery on the endpoint to prevent sensiti ve data loss (Privacy Right, 2013). Organizations also need to stop making a distinction between devices in the corporate network and devices outside of it, and focus instead on protecting their information (Privacy Right, 2013). They must compartmentalize access to sensitive information, employ better audit logging and log analysis, and deploy security solutions that are designed to support current BYOD strategies, such as those that can control the replication of data (Privacy Right, 2013). In conclusion, organizations must now readdress their corporate policies to ensure that their greatest asset information is being safeguarded on these mobile devices that are outside of their direct control (Gatewood, 2012). References Singh, Niharika. B.Y.O.D. Genie Is Out Of the Bottle Devil Or Angel Journal of Business Management Social Sciences Research (JBMSSR) ISSN No: 2319-5614 Volume 1, No.3, December 2012 Bradley, Tony. Pros and Cons of Bringing Your Own Device to Work. PCWorld. PCWorld, 21 Dec. 2011. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. Privacy Right. Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) . . . at Your Own Risk | Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, 1 Sept. 2013. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. . Morrow, B.BYOD security challenges: Control and protect your most sensitive data(2012) Network Security, 2012 (12), pp. 5-8. Romer, Hormazd. Best Practices for BYOD Security. Computer Fraud Security 2014.1 (2014): 13-15. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. Gatewood, Brent. The nuts and bolts of making BYOD work. Information Management Journal, Nov.-Dec. 2012, p. 26+. Academic OneFile, Accessed 17 Dec. 2016.

Graduation Speech: The Beginning of Your Life :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Parents, teachers, families and friends, welcome and thank you for joining us tonight at the County High School graduation ceremony for the Class of 2012! Graduation is a time to look fondly upon memories which have been made over the past three years. I am sure all of us have our own memories which we hold close to our hearts and make us grin when we think of them. Events which become very vivid in my mind are football and basketball games, dances, pep assemblies, at least the ones from our sophomore and junior years, and especially time spent with a group of friends just doing whatever. It hurts to think of all these memories and then realize this time period in our lives is coming to an end. From the lyrics of Dave Mathews, "So why would you care, to get out of this place, you and me and all our friends, such a happy human race ... As we all go our separate ways ... I will remember." Graduation is also time to look at what the future has in store for each of us. It is a very serious time, a time to take a look at what path our lives are going to take once the caps and gowns are taken off and we are thrust into a world which is not so well known to most of us. Will you be successful? Will you be unsuccessful? This success I am speaking of has nothing to do with monetary gains but is measured solely by happiness. Are you truly happy? Will you be five or ten years down the road? Begin planning for your future tonight, set goals. Figure out ways to achieve these goals and fulfill your dreams. If you do not like the path your life has taken thus far, if it does not make you happy, re-

Erwin Rommel :: essays research papers

Erwin Rommel Jr. was born on November 15, 1891 in a small WÃ ¼rtemburg town of Heidenheim. His father Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel was a local schoolmaster and former artillery officer. His mother Helena von Luz was the daughter of the local Regierungs-Prasident. Rommel was one of five children, though his brother Manfred had died at an early age. As a child, he was reasonable and very gifted academically and athletically. He was educated at TÃ ¼bingen, a military school in Stuttgart. Rommel planned to apply to the Zeppelin works at Friederichshafen; his father did not approve, and advised him to enter the army. In July 1910, Rommel became a cadet in the 124th WÃ ¼rtemburg Infantry Regiment in the 26th Infantry Division of the German Imperial Infantry. He served as a cadet until March 1911, then began attending the prestigious military academy Konigliche Kriegsschule in Danzig. His eight-month course ended in November 1911, in which time he rose to Lieutenant: Corporal in October and Sergeant at the end of the year. While at the academy he met his future wife Lucie Mollin whom he wrote to everyday during both World Wars, and married in 1916. In January 1912 Rommel rejoined the 124th WÃ ¼rtemburg Infantry. In summer 1914, he served as artillery attachment in drilling practices near Ulm. On July 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand, the Archduke of Austria, was assassinated. The assassination was a major cause of World War I, Rommel’s first true combat tests. Rommel’s first battle was at Longwy after twenty-four hours of marching and riding. He believed that the only successful way to deploy his troops was to be at the front of them. On August 22, 1914, Rommel spotted a group of fifteen to twenty French soldiers. Rommel and his three-man reconnaissance team opened fire in the town of Bleid. Shortly after, eight hundred yards northeast of Bleid at freshly dug trenches, he charged the French with parts of his regiment. Then assisted by two other men Rommel drove off a whole French column, after all the action Rommel passed out from lack of sleep. The battle of Longwy caused a loss of 15% of Rommel’s men and 25% of his officers. Medical doctors informed Rommel after the battle, that he was suffering from food poisoning, but Rommel would not leave the field.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Edgar Allan Poe; A Man of Secrecy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 as Edgar Poe. He was the second son to Elizabeth Arnold Poe and David Poe. Both parents were actors, and shortly after Poe’s birth, his father deserted his family around 1810. Edgar became an orphan before the age of three years, when his mother died on December 8, 1811 in Richmond, Virginia at the age of twenty-four years. His father died at the age of twenty-seven years old. After his mother’s death, the childless couple, John and Frances Allan, took in Poe; his paternal grandparents took in brother William Henry; and foster parents cared for sister Rosalie. Allan was a strict and unemotional tobacco merchant and his wife was overindulgent. Poe was educated by the Allan’s aid, in private academies, excelling in Latin, in writing verse and declamation. However, regardless of his education, he was looked down upon by the upper class of society, perhaps because Poe was never legally adopted by the Al lan’s, nonetheless he was regarded as an outsider by the Richmond elite. However, being the child of former actor’s could have also added to his reputation of not fitting in with Richmond’s culture at that time. The loss of his mother at an early age definitely affected Poe, â€Å"The angels, whispering to one another, Can find, among their burning terms of love, None so devotional as that of ‘Mother’† (To My Mother). In Tamerlane, he not only wrote about his father, but he wrote about his mother too. He had more respect for his mother than he did for his father. In Tamerlane he speaks much nicer of his mother. â€Å"O, she was worthy of all love! Love – as in infancy was mine – ‘Twas such as angel minds above Might envy; her young heart the shrine on which my every hope and thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tamerlane). He thought of life with his mother and how it might have been.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1831 Poe moved to Baltimore to live with his aunt, Maria Clemm. There he fell in love and married her daughter and his cousin Virginia Clemm, who was not even fourteen at the time. Ten years later she also died of tuberculosis. He dearly loved his wife and after she died his life just went to pieces. In â€Å"The Raven†, the character is morning over the death of â€Å"Lenore† when a raven visits him. Poe used the raven because it is a bird that feeds on dead flesh – a symbol of death. â€Å"... ... of common usage—it is the work of nine tenths of his critism† (221). Edgar Allan Poe was in fact born before his time! Works Cited Bohner, Charles H. â€Å"The John Hopkins Press†. John Pendleton Kennedy URL: http.//www.usna.edu/EnglishDept/poeperplex/kennedyp.htm (21 July 2000). Buranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe. Boston: Twayne Publishers. URL: http.//:www.toolcity.net/~zrm/lit/telltale/html (21 July 2000). Ljunguist Kent P. Edgar Allan Poe. ‘Guide to Literary Theory & Critism†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  URL: http.//www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopinks_guide_to_literary_theory/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  entries/edgar_allan_poe.html (20 July 2000). Ljunguist Kent P. Edgar Allan Poe. The World Book Encyclopedia. 2nd Edition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chicago, Ill: World Book Inc, 1987. Vol. 15. Poe, Edgar Allan, 1809-1849. The Collected Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poe. New York: Modern Library, 1992. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 5th Edition. New York, New York: Norton & Company, 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Managerial Economics Essay

There are quite a few differences between Economics and Managerial Economics. Managerial Economics is micro in character while Economics is both micro and macro in character. Economics is both positive and normative science but the Managerial Economics is essentially normative in nature. Under Economics we study only the economic aspect of the problems but under Managerial Economics we have to study both the economic and non-economic aspects of the problems. Those are just a few distinct differences amongst many others. Economics is defined as the study of goods and services; the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services while Managerial Economics is a study of application of managerial skills in economics. The field of economics is broken down into two distinct areas of study: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics looks at the smaller picture and focuses more on basic theories of supply and demand and how individual businesses decide how much of something to produce and how much to charge for it. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks at the big picture (hence â€Å"macro†). It focuses on the national economy as a whole and provides a basic knowledge of how things work in the business world. Microeconomics/ Macroeconomics and Managerial Economics have plenty in common. They all overlap in some form or fashion. Managerial economics is applied theory. Much of managerial economics applies the theories set forth in microeconomic theory. The relationship between the Microeconomics and the Macroeconomics are based on the result of choices made by each household and firms and some models of macroeconomics especially while originating the collective of production and consumption levels among both the branches of economics.

Racial Discrimination Essay

There was a time in the United States of America when white Americans and African Americans were separated through a hierarchy. With the white Americans on top and the African Americans as slaves. This lead to what was recorded in history, the American Civil war where people fought to their death for equal rights. Also in recorded history was the invasion of the Spaniards in the Philippines for 333 years. People have fought and died for our country to be free and independent. And yet, it feels like not all their efforts have reached the world. That is because our world is not free from racial discrimination. Why do people discriminate different races? Are we really so different from others that we have to be looked down upon? Just because we are not white, we are already as low as dirt? Just because we don’t look the same or speak the same language or have the same culture, we are already lower creatures? Last time I checked God didn’t create the different races. He created only one race; humans. All with the same two eyes, two ears, a nose, a mouth, hair, skin, two feet-each with five toes, two hands-each with five fingers and a heart that beats life. We all speak a language. We all have cultures. We all need a roof on our heads, clothes to wear and food on our table. We are all born the same way and in the end, we will all die. Is that so hard to accept?

Synchronous Motor

Chapter (11) Synchronous Motors Introduction It may be recalled that a d. c. generator can be run as a d. c. motor. In like manner, an alternator may operate as a motor by connecting its armature winding to a 3-phase supply. It is then called a synchronous motor. As the name implies, a synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed (Ns = 120f/P) i. e. , in synchronism with the revolving field produced by the 3-phase supply. The speed of rotation is, therefore, tied to the frequency of the source.Since the frequency is fixed, the motor speed stays constant irrespective of the load or voltage of 3phase supply. However, synchronous motors are not used so much because they run at constant speed (i. e. , synchronous speed) but because they possess other unique electrical properties. In this chapter, we shall discuss the working and characteristics of synchronous motors. 11. 1 Construction A synchronous motor is a machine that operates at synchronous speed and converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is fundamentally an alternator operated as a motor.Like an alternator, a synchronous motor has the following two parts: (i) a stator which houses 3-phase armature winding in the slots of the stator core and receives power from a 3-phase supply [See (Fig. (11. 1)]. (ii) a rotor that has a set of salient poles excited by direct current to form alternate N and S poles. The exciting coils are connected in series to two slip rings and direct current is fed into the winding from an external exciter mounted on the rotor shaft. The stator is wound for the same number of poles as the rotor poles.As in the case of an induction motor, the number of poles determines the synchronous speed of the motor: Fig. (11. 1) 293 Synchronous speed, N s = where 120f P f = frequency of supply in Hz P = number of poles An important drawback of a synchronous motor is that it is not self-starting and auxiliary means have to be used for starting it. 11. 2 Some Facts about Synchronous Motor Some salient features of a synchronous motor are: (i) A synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed or not at all. Its speed is constant (synchronous speed) at all loads. The only way to change its speed is to alter the supply frequency (Ns = 120 f/P). ii) The outstanding characteristic of a synchronous motor is that it can be made to operate over a wide range of power factors (lagging, unity or leading) by adjustment of its field excitation. Therefore, a synchronous motor can be made to carry the mechanical load at constant speed and at the same time improve the power factor of the system. (iii) Synchronous motors are generally of the salient pole type. (iv) A synchronous motor is not self-starting and an auxiliary means has to be used for starting it. We use either induction motor principle or a separate starting motor for this purpose.If the latter method is used, the machine must be run up to synchronous speed and synchronized as an alternator. 11. 3 Operating Principle The fact that a synchronous motor has no starting torque can be easily explained. (i) Consider a 3-phase synchronous motor having two rotor poles NR and SR. Then the stator will also be wound for two poles NS and SS. The motor has direct voltage applied to the rotor winding and a 3-phase voltage applied to the stator winding. The stator winding produces a rotating field which revolves round the stator at synchronous speed Ns(= 120 f/P).The direct (or zero frequency) current sets up a two-pole field which is stationary so long as the rotor is not turning. Thus, we have a situation in which there exists a pair of revolving armature poles (i. e. , NS ? SS) and a pair of stationary rotor poles (i. e. , NR ? SR). (ii) Suppose at any instant, the stator poles are at positions A and B as shown in Fig. (11. 2 (i)). It is clear that poles NS and NR repel each other and so do the poles SS and SR. Therefore, the rotor tends to move in the anticlockwise direction. After a period of half-cycle (or ? = 1 /100 second), the polarities of the stator poles are reversed but the polarities of the rotor poles remain the same as shown in Fig. (11. 2 (ii)). Now SS and NR attract 294 each other and so do NS and SR. Therefore, the rotor tends to move in the clockwise direction. Since the stator poles change their polarities rapidly, they tend to pull the rotor first in one direction and then after a period of half-cycle in the other. Due to high inertia of the rotor, the motor fails to start. Fig. (10. 2) Hence, a synchronous motor has no self-starting torque i. e. , a synchronous motor cannot start by itself.How to get continuous unidirectional torque? If the rotor poles are rotated by some external means at such a speed that they interchange their positions along with the stator poles, then the rotor will experience a continuous unidirectional torque. This can be understood from the following discussion: (i) Suppose the stator field is rotating in the clockwise direction and the rotor is als o rotated clockwise by some external means at such a speed that the rotor poles interchange their positions along with the stator poles. (ii) Suppose at any instant the stator and rotor poles are in the position shown in Fig. 11. 3 (i)). It is clear that torque on the rotor will be clockwise. After a period of half-cycle, the stator poles reverse their polarities and at the same time rotor poles also interchange their positions as shown in Fig. (11. 3 (ii)). The result is that again the torque on the rotor is clockwise. Hence a continuous unidirectional torque acts on the rotor and moves it in the clockwise direction. Under this condition, poles on the rotor always face poles of opposite polarity on the stator and a strong magnetic attraction is set up between them.This mutual attraction locks the rotor and stator together and the rotor is virtually pulled into step with the speed of revolving flux (i. e. , synchronous speed). (iii) If now the external prime mover driving the rotor is removed, the rotor will continue to rotate at synchronous speed in the clockwise direction because the rotor poles are magnetically locked up with the stator poles. It is due to 295 this magnetic interlocking between stator and rotor poles that a synchronous motor runs at the speed of revolving flux i. e. , synchronous speed. Fig. (11. 3) 11. Making Synchronous Motor Self-Starting A synchronous motor cannot start by itself. In order to make the motor self-starting, a squirrel cage winding (also called damper winding) is provided on the rotor. The damper winding consists of copper bars embedded in the pole faces of the salient poles of the rotor as shown in Fig. (11. 4). The bars are short-circuited at the ends to form in effect a partial Fig. (11. 4) squirrel cage winding. The damper winding serves to start the motor. (i) To start with, 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding while the rotor field winding is left unenergized.The rotating stator field induces currents in the damper or squirrel cage winding and the motor starts as an induction motor. (ii) As the motor approaches the synchronous speed, the rotor is excited with direct current. Now the resulting poles on the rotor face poles of opposite polarity on the stator and a strong magnetic attraction is set up between them. The rotor poles lock in with the poles of rotating flux. Consequently, the rotor revolves at the same speed as the stator field i. e. , at synchronous speed. iii) Because the bars of squirrel cage portion of the rotor now rotate at the same speed as the rotating stator field, these bars do not cut any flux and, therefore, have no induced currents in them. Hence squirrel cage portion of the rotor is, in effect, removed from the operation of the motor. 296 It may be emphasized here that due to magnetic interlocking between the stator and rotor poles, a synchronous motor can only run at synchronous speed. At any other speed, this magnetic interlocking (i. e. , rotor poles facing o pposite polarity stator poles) ceases and the average torque becomes zero.Consequently, the motor comes to a halt with a severe disturbance on the line. Note: It is important to excite the rotor with direct current at the right moment. For example, if the d. c. excitation is applied when N-pole of the stator faces Npole of the rotor, the resulting magnetic repulsion will produce a violent mechanical shock. The motor will immediately slow down and the circuit breakers will trip. In practice, starters for synchronous motors arc designed to detect the precise moment when excitation should be applied. 11. 5 Equivalent Circuit Unlike the induction motor, the synchronous motor is connected to two electrical systems; a d. . source at the rotor terminals and an a. c. system at the stator terminals. 1. Under normal conditions of synchronous motor operation, no voltage is induced in the rotor by the stator field because the rotor winding is rotating at the same speed as the stator field. Only the impressed direct current is present in the rotor winding and ohmic resistance of this winding is the only opposition to it as shown in Fig. (11. 5 (i)). 2. In the stator winding, two effects are to be considered, the effect of stator field on the stator winding and the effect of the rotor field cutting the stator conductors at synchronous speed.Fig. (11. 5) (i) The effect of stator field on the stator (or armature) conductors is accounted for by including an inductive reactance in the armature winding. This is called synchronous reactance Xs. A resistance Ra must be considered to be in series with this reactance to account for the copper losses in the stator or armature winding as shown in Fig. (11. 5 (i)). This 297 resistance combines with synchronous reactance and gives the synchronous impedance of the machine. (ii) The second effect is that a voltage is generated in the stator winding by the synchronously-revolving field of the rotor as shown in Fig. 11. 5 (i)). This generat ed e. m. f. EB is known as back e. m. f. and opposes the stator voltage V. The magnitude of Eb depends upon rotor speed and rotor flux ? per pole. Since rotor speed is constant; the value of Eb depends upon the rotor flux per pole i. e. exciting rotor current If. Fig. (11. 5 (i)) shows the schematic diagram for one phase of a star-connected synchronous motor while Fig. (11. 5 (ii)) shows its equivalent circuit. Referring to the equivalent circuit in Fig. (11. 5 (ii)). Net voltage/phase in stator winding is Er = V ? Eb Armature current/phase, I a = where 2 Zs = R 2 + X s a hasor difference Er Zs This equivalent circuit helps considerably in understanding the operation of a synchronous motor. A synchronous motor is said to be normally excited if the field excitation is such that Eb = V. If the field excitation is such that Eb < V, the motor is said to be under-excited. The motor is said to be over-excited if the field excitation is such that Eb > V. As we shall see, for both normal an d under excitation, the motor has lagging power factor. However, for over-excitation, the motor has leading power factor.Note: In a synchronous motor, the value of Xs is 10 to 100 times greater than Ra. Consequently, we can neglect Ra unless we are interested in efficiency or heating effects. 11. 6 Motor on Load In d. c. motors and induction motors, an addition of load causes the motor speed to decrease. The decrease in speed reduces the counter e. m. f. enough so that additional current is drawn from the source to carry the increased load at a reduced speed. This action cannot take place in a synchronous motor because it runs at a constant speed (i. e. , synchronous speed) at all loads.What happens when we apply mechanical load to a synchronous motor? The rotor poles fall slightly behind the stator poles while continuing to run at 298 synchronous speed. The angular displacement between stator and rotor poles (called torque angle ? ) causes the phase of back e. m. f. Eb to change w. r. t. supply voltage V. This increases the net e. m. f. Er in the stator winding. Consequently, stator current Ia ( = Er/Zs) increases to carry the load. Fig. (11. 6) The following points may be noted in synchronous motor operation: (i) A synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed at all loads.It meets the increased load not by a decrease in speed but by the relative shift between stator and rotor poles i. e. , by the adjustment of torque angle ?. (ii) If the load on the motor increases, the torque angle a also increases (i. e. , rotor poles lag behind the stator poles by a greater angle) but the motor continues to run at synchronous speed. The increase in torque angle ? causes a greater phase shift of back e. m. f. Eb w. r. t. supply voltage V. This increases the net voltage Er in the stator winding. Consequently, armature current Ia (= Er/Zs) increases to meet the load demand. iii) If the load on the motor decreases, the torque angle ? also decreases. This causes a smaller phase shift of Eb w. r. t. V. Consequently, the net voltage Er in the stator winding decreases and so does the armature current Ia (= Er/Zs). 11. 7 Pull-Out Torque There is a limit to the mechanical load that can be applied to a synchronous motor. As the load increases, the torque angle ? also increases so that a stage is reached when the rotor is pulled out of synchronism and the motor comes to a standstill. This load torque at which the motor pulls out of synchronism is called pull—out or breakdown torque.Its value varies from 1. 5 to 3. 5 times the full— load torque. When a synchronous motor pulls out of synchronism, there is a major disturbance on the line and the circuit breakers immediately trip. This protects the motor because both squirrel cage and stator winding heat up rapidly when the machine ceases to run at synchronous speed. 299 11. 8 Motor Phasor Diagram Consider an under-excited ^tar-connected synchronous motor (Eb < V) supplied with fixed excitation i. e. , back e. m. f. Eb is constantLet V = supply voltage/phase Eb = back e. m. f. /phase Zs = synchronous impedance/phase (i) Motor on no loadWhen the motor is on no load, the torque angle ? is small as shown in Fig. (11. 7 (i)). Consequently, back e. m. f. Eb lags behind the supply voltage V by a small angle ? as shown in the phasor diagram in Fig. (11. 7 (iii)). The net voltage/phase in the stator winding, is Er. Armature current/phase, Ia = Er/Zs The armature current Ia lags behind Er by ? = tan-1 Xs/Ra. Since Xs >> Ra, Ia lags Er by nearly 90Â °. The phase angle between V and Ia is ? so that motor power factor is cos ?. Input power/phase = V Ia cos ? Fig. (11. 7) Thus at no load, the motor takes a small power VIa cos ? phase from the supply to meet the no-load losses while it continues to run at synchronous speed. (ii) Motor on load When load is applied to the motor, the torque angle a increases as shown in Fig. (11. 8 (i)). This causes Eb (its magnitude is constant as excitation is fixed) to lag behind V by a greater angle as shown in the phasor diagram in Fig. (11. 8 (ii)). The net voltage/phase Er in the stator winding increases. Consequently, the motor draws more armature current Ia (=Er/Zs) to meet the applied load. Again Ia lags Er by about 90Â ° since Xs >> Ra. The power factor of the motor is cos ?. 300 Input power/phase, Pi = V Ia cos ?Mechanical power developed by motor/phase Pm = Eb ? Ia ? cosine of angle between Eb and Ia = Eb Ia cos(? ? ? ) Fig. (11. 8) 11. 9 Effect of Changing Field Excitation at Constant Load In a d. c. motor, the armature current Ia is determined by dividing the difference between V and Eb by the armature resistance Ra. Similarly, in a synchronous motor, the stator current (Ia) is determined by dividing voltage-phasor resultant (Er) between V and Eb by the synchronous impedance Zs. One of the most important features of a synchronous motor is that by changing the field excitation, it can be made to operate from lagging to eadin g power factor. Consider a synchronous motor having a fixed supply voltage and driving a constant mechanical load. Since the mechanical load as well as the speed is constant, the power input to the motor (=3 VIa cos ? ) is also constant. This means that the in-phase component Ia cos ? drawn from the supply will remain constant. If the field excitation is changed, back e. m. f Eb also changes. This results in the change of phase position of Ia w. r. t. V and hence the power factor cos ? of the motor changes. Fig. (11. 9) shows the phasor diagram of the synchronous motor for different values of field excitation.Note that extremities of current phasor Ia lie on the straight line AB. (i) Under excitation The motor is said to be under-excited if the field excitation is such that Eb < V. Under such conditions, the current Ia lags behind V so that motor power factor is lagging as shown in Fig. (11. 9 (i)). This can be easily explained. Since Eb < V, the net voltage Er is decreased and turn s clockwise. As angle ? (= 90Â °) between Er and Ia is constant, therefore, phasor Ia also turns clockwise i. e. , current Ia lags behind the supply voltage. Consequently, the motor has a lagging power factor. 301 ii) Normal excitation The motor is said to be normally excited if the field excitation is such that Eb = V. This is shown in Fig. (11. 9 (ii)). Note that the effect of increasing excitation (i. e. , increasing Eb) is to turn the phasor Er and hence Ia in the anti-clockwise direction i. e. , Ia phasor has come closer to phasor V. Therefore, p. f. increases though still lagging. Since input power (=3 V Ia cos ? ) is unchanged, the stator current Ia must decrease with increase in p. f. Fig. (11. 9) Suppose the field excitation is increased until the current Ia is in phase with the applied voltage V, making the p. . of the synchronous motor unity [See Fig. (11. 9 (iii))]. For a given load, at unity p. f. the resultant Er and, therefore, Ia are minimum. (iii) Over excitation T he motor is said to be overexcited if the field excitation is such that Eb > V. Under-such conditions, current Ia leads V and the motor power factor is leading as shown in Fig. (11. 9 (iv)). Note that Er and hence Ia further turn anti-clockwise from the normal excitation position. Consequently, Ia leads V. From the above discussion, it is concluded that if the synchronous motor is under-excited, it has a lagging power factor.As the excitation is increased, the power factor improves till it becomes unity at normal excitation. Under such conditions, the current drawn from the supply is minimum. If the excitation is further increased (i. e. , over excitation), the motor power factor becomes leading. Note. The armature current (Ia) is minimum at unity p. f and increases as the power factor becomes poor, either leading or lagging. 302 11. 10 Phasor Diagrams With Different Excitations Fig. (11. 10) shows the phasor diagrams for different field excitations at constant load. Fig. (11. 10 (i )) shows the phasor diagram for normal excitation (Eb = V), whereas Fig. 11. 10 (ii)) shows the phasor diagram for under-excitation. In both cases, the motor has lagging power factor. Fig. (11. 10 (iii)) shows the phasor diagram when field excitation is adjusted for unity p. f. operation. Under this condition, the resultant voltage Er and, therefore, the stator current Ia are minimum. When the motor is overexcited, it has leading power factor as shown in Fig. (11. 10 (iv)). The following points may be remembered: (i) For a given load, the power factor is governed by the field excitation; a weak field produces the lagging armature current and a strong field produces a leading armature current. ii) The armature current (Ia) is minimum at unity p. f and increases as the p. f. becomes less either leading or lagging. Fig. (11. 10) 11. 11 Power Relations Consider an under-excited star-connected synchronous motor driving a mechanical load. Fig. (11. 11 (i)) shows the equivalent circuit for one phase, while Fig. (11. 11 (ii)) shows the phasor diagram. Fig. (11. 11) 303 (i) (ii) Input power/phase, Pi = V Ia cos ? Mechanical power developed by the motor/phase, Pm = Eb ? Ia ? cosine of angle between Eb and Ia = Eb Ia cos(? ? ? ) Armature Cu loss/phase = I 2 R a = Pi ? Pm a Output power/phasor, Pout = Pm ?Iron, friction and excitation loss. (iii) (iv) Fig. (11. 12) shows the power flow diagram of the synchronous motor. Fig. (11. 12) 11. 12 Motor Torque Gross torque, Tg = 9. 55 where Pm N-m Ns Pm = Gross motor output in watts = Eb Ia cos(? ? ? ) Ns = Synchronous speed in r. p. m. Shaft torque, Tsh = 9. 55 Pout N-m Ns It may be seen that torque is directly proportional to the mechanical power because rotor speed (i. e. , Ns) is fixed. 11. 13 Mechanical Power Developed By Motor (Armature resistance neglected) Fig. (11. 13) shows the phasor diagram of an under-excited synchronous motor driving a mechanical load.Since armature resistance Ra is assumed zero. tan? = Xs/Ra = ? an d hence ? = 90Â °. Input power/phase = V Ia cos ? Fig. (11. 13) 304 Since Ra is assumed zero, stator Cu loss (I 2 R a ) will be zero. Hence input power a is equal to the mechanical power Pm developed by the motor. Mech. power developed/ phase, Pm = V Ia cos ? Referring to the phasor diagram in Fig. (11. 13), (i) AB = E r cos ? = I a X s cos ? Also AB = E b sin ? ? E b sin ? = I a X s cos ? or I a cos ? = E b sin ? Xs Substituting the value of Ia cos ? in exp. (i) above, Pm = = V Eb Xs VEb Xs per phase for 3-phaseIt is clear from the above relation that mechanical power increases with torque angle (in electrical degrees) and its maximum value is reached when ? = 90Â ° (electrical). Pmax = V Eb Xs per phase Under this condition, the poles of the rotor will be mid-way between N and S poles of the stator. 11. 14 Power Factor of Synchronous Motors In an induction motor, only one winding (i. e. , stator winding) produces the necessary flux in the machine. The stator winding must draw re active power from the supply to set up the flux. Consequently, induction motor must operate at lagging power factor.But in a synchronous motor, there are two possible sources of excitation; alternating current in the stator or direct current in the rotor. The required flux may be produced either by stator or rotor or both. (i) If the rotor exciting current is of such magnitude that it produces all the required flux, then no magnetizing current or reactive power is needed in the stator. As a result, the motor will operate at unity power factor. 305 (ii) If the rotor exciting current is less (i. e. , motor is under-excited), the deficit in flux is made up by the stator. Consequently, the motor draws reactive power to provide for the remaining flux.Hence motor will operate at a lagging power factor. (iii) If the rotor exciting current is greater (i. e. , motor is over-excited), the excess flux must be counterbalanced in the stator. Now the stator, instead of absorbing reactive power, a ctually delivers reactive power to the 3-phase line. The motor then behaves like a source of reactive power, as if it were a capacitor. In other words, the motor operates at a leading power factor. To sum up, a synchronous motor absorbs reactive power when it is underexcited and delivers reactive power to source when it is over-excited. 11. 15 Synchronous CondenserA synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited and, therefore, behaves as a capacitor. An over-excited synchronous motor running on no-load in known as synchronous condenser. When such a machine is connected in parallel with induction motors or other devices that operate at low lagging power factor, the leading kVAR supplied by the synchronous condenser partly neutralizes the lagging reactive kVAR of the loads. Consequently, the power factor of the system is improved. Fig. (11. 14) shows the power factor improvement by synchronous condenser method. The 3 ? ? load takes current IL at low lagging power factor cos ?L. The synchronous condenser takes a current Im which leads the voltage by an angle ? m. The resultant current I is the vector sum of Im and IL and lags behind the voltage by an angle ?. It is clear that ? is less than ? L so that cos ? is greater than cos ? L. Thus the power factor is increased from cos ? L to cos ?. Synchronous condensers are generally used at major bulk supply substations for power factor improvement. Advantages (i) By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of current drawn by the motor can be changed by any amount. This helps in achieving stepless control of power factor. ii) The motor windings have high thermal stability to short circuit currents. (iii) The faults can be removed easily. 306 Fig. (11. 14) Disadvantages (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) There are considerable losses in the motor. The maintenance cost is high. It produces noise. Except in sizes above 500 RVA, the cost is greater than that of static capacitors of the same rating. (v) As a synchronous m otor has no self-starting torque, then-fore, an auxiliary equipment has to be provided for this purpose. 11. 16 Applications of Synchronous Motors (i) Synchronous motors are particularly attractive for low speeds (< 300 r. . m. ) because the power factor can always be adjusted to unity and efficiency is high. (ii) Overexcited synchronous motors can be used to improve the power factor of a plant while carrying their rated loads. (iii) They are used to improve the voltage regulation of transmission lines. (iv) High-power electronic converters generating very low frequencies enable us to run synchronous motors at ultra-low speeds. Thus huge motors in the 10 MW range drive crushers, rotary kilns and variable-speed ball mills. 307 11. 17 Comparison of Synchronous and Induction Motors S. Particular No. 1.Speed 2. 3. 4. Power factor Excitation Economy 3-phase Induction Motor Remains constant (i. e. , Ns) from Decreases with load. no-load to full-load. Can be made to operate from Operates a t lagging lagging to leading power factor. power factor. Requires d. c. excitation at the No excitation for the rotor. rotor. Economical fcr speeds below Economical for 300 r. p. m. speeds above 600 r. p. m. Self-starting No self-starting torque. Auxiliary means have to be provided for starting. Complicated Simple More less Synchronous Motor 5. Self-starting 6. 7. Construction Starting torque 308